QUESTION BANK OF PHYSIOLOGY

QUESTION BANK OF PHYSIOLOGY

 

C.V.S.

Full Questions.

1. Define cardiac cycle & describe various events taking place in it
   
2. Describe volume changes during cardiac cycle
   
3. Describe cardiac cycle.
   
4. Describe left ventricular pressure & volume changes
   
5. Describe various phases of cardiac cycle in correlation with the left ventricular pressure changes
   
6. What is cardiac output? Enumerate different methods used to estimate it Describe any one method in details
   
7. Enumerate various factors affecting it
   
8. Enumerate different parts of junctional tissues of heart Describe in details production & propagation of cardiac impulse,
   
9. What is heart rate? Give its physiological variations& describe how it is regulated
   
10. Describe regulation of blood volume & describe any one method to measure it clinically
    
11. Define Electrocardiogram. Describe the different components of a normal E.C.G. recorded in lead II
    
12. Define Blood pressure Explain short & long term regulation of blood pressure
    
13. What is blood pressure? Describe how it is measured clinically Enumerate the physiological variations in blood pressure.
    
14. What is blood pressure?
    
15. Explain role of Sino aortic reflex in regulation of B.P.
    
16. What is Sino aortic reflex? Describe how it is studied experimentally. Enumerate its effects on cardio-respiratory mechanisms
    
17. What is shock? Describe compensatory & non-compensatory mechanisms operating in circulatory shock.
    
18. Cerebral circulation
    
19. Coronary circulation
    
20. Heart sounds
    
21. First heart sound
    
22. Junctional tissues of heart
    
23. Cardiac action potential
    
24. Auscultatory areas of heart
    
25. Neural control of blood pressure
    
26. Action potential in ventricular muscle
    
27. Volumes changes in left ventricle
    
28. Pressure changes in left ventricle
    
29. Pressure changes in left ventricle during systole
    
30. Pressure changes in left ventricle during cardiac cycle
    

 

Short Notes

1. Pulmonary circulation
   
2. Arterial pulse
   
3. Venous place tracing
   
4. A.V.Node
   
5. S.A.Node
   
6. Sino aortic reflex
   
7. Baro receptor reflex
   
8. P-R. Interval
   
9. Apex beat
   
10. J.V.P.
    
11. Einthoven's law
    

 

Haematology

Full Questions

1. What are different leucocytes" Describe the structure & functions of each type.
   
2. Give physiological variations (i) of each type. (ii) in total W.B.C. Count
   
3. Describe leucopoiesis. What are the functions of leucocytes?
   
4. Name different blood groups. Describe how blood groups are determined? Briefly describe their clinical impotence
   
5. Name different blood groups. How are they determined? Describe the hazards of mismatched blood transfusion
   
6. What are different blood groups? Explain their physiological importance.
   
7. Describe the synthesis, functions& fate of Hemoglobin
   
8. What is erythropoesis?" Describe the different stages of erythropoesis & its regulation
   
9. Name different haemostatic mechanisms & describe the process of coagulation of blood in detail
   
10. What is haemostasis? What are different mechanisms of haemostasis? Briefly describe intrinsic & extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
    
11. Describe in different defense mechanisms of body, with special reference to role of lymphocyctes in immunity
    
12. What is immunity? Describe various types of immunity & their role in defense
    
13. Describe the composition, mechanism of formation & course of circulation of lymph
    
14. Describe the structure & functions of spleen
    
15. Describe the physiology of spleen
    
16. What is pH of blood? Explain its regulation
    
17. State normal value of blood volume. Describe the dye dilution method for measuring blood volume. Explain how it is regulated
    
18. Describe regulation of blood volume & describe any one method to measure it clinically
    

 

Short Notes

1. Viscosity of blood
   
2. Anemia
   
3. Anti-coagulants
   
4. Lymph gland
   
5. Rh. Blood group
   
6. Rh. Factor
   
7. Neutrophils
   
8. T lymphocyte
   
9. Erythropoietin
   
10. Hemophilia
    
11. Phlebogram
    
12. Plasmapheresis
    
13. Reticulo endothelial system
    
14. Absorption of iron
    
15. Platelets
    
16. Thrombocytes
    
17. Hazards of mismatched blood transfusion
    
18. Measurement of blood volume
    
19. Megaloblastic Anemia
    
20. Arnett count maturation factor
    
21. Function of lymph
    
22. Rh. Incompatibility
    
23. Functions of plasma proteins
    
24. Plasma proteins
    
25. Functions of R.B.C.
    
26. Functions of W.B.C.
    
27. Functions of spleen
    
28. Measurement of total body fluid
    
29. Capillary fluid exchange
    
30. Maturation factors
    
31. Maturation factors of R.B.C.
    
32. PH regulation of blood volume
    
33. Fibrinolysis
    

 

Nervous System

Full Questions

1. Enumerate different descending tracts. Describe in detail origin, course & termination of pyramidal tracts. Give differences it & extra pyramidal systems.
   
2. Compare pyramidal & extra pyramidal systems. Briefly describe pyramidal tract.
   
3. Describe physiology of pyramidal tract in details
   
4. Describe the course of pyramidal tracts & mention the effects of its section in the internal capsule & in spinal cord-at various levels
   
5. Describe the physiology of limbic system
   
6. Enumerate the ascending tracts seen in thoracic segment of spinal cord & explain pathway of touch sensation from left leg to cerebral cortex
   
7. Describe the pathway of touch sensation from right great toe to cortex; describe the connections & functions of hypothalamus
   
8. What is reflex action? Describe different properties of reflex action. Compare them with properties of condition reflex
   
9. What is reflex action? Describe different properties of reflex action. What is the physiological importance of reflex action?
   
10. Describe the structure & function of synapse. Explain their different. Properties, Describe structure of synapse. Explain mechanism of synaptic transmission Name its different properties
    
11. Classify receptors. Describe their properties.
    
12. Describe & classify receptor organ & describe their properties.
    
13. Describe the structure of neuro muscular function & describe the process of neuromuscular junction.
    
14. What is posture? Describe the different the different reflex mechanisms involved in achieving & maintaining the upright posture
    
15. Describe connections & functions of hypothalamus
    

 

Short Notes

1. Membrane potential
   
2. Pyramid pathway
   
3. International tremors
   
4. Decerebrate rigidity
   
5. Parietal lobe
   
6. Electromyogram
   
7. Salutatory conduction
   
8. Mechanism of E.P.S.P.
   
9. Functions of prefrontal lobe
   
10. Functions frontal lobe
    
11. Functions of hypothalamus
    
12. Properties of synapse
    
13. Prefrontal lobectomy
    
14. Brown Sequard syndrome
    
15. Cerebrospinal fluid
    
16. Give differences between: Epinephrine & norepinephrin
    
17. Functions of cerebellum
    
18. Classification of nerve fibers
    
19. Properties of nerve fibers
    
20. Compound action potential
    
21. Conduction of nerve impulse
    
22. Velocity of conduction of nerve impulse
    
23. Action potential in nerve fiber
    
24. Resting membrane potential
    
25. Golgi tendon apparatus
    
26. Neuro-muscular junction
    
27. Effects of posterior nerve-root section
    
28. Mechanism of secondary active transport
    
29. Mechanism of neuro-muscular transmission
    
30. Wallerian degeneration
    
31. Functions of hypothalamus
    
32. Wallerian degeneration& regeneration
    

 

 

Respiratory system

Full Questions

1. Describe the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissue cells
   
2. Describe the transport of oxygen in atmosphere to the tissue cells
   
3. Describe the transport of carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs
   
4. Describe chemical control of respiration
   
5. Describe chemical regulation of respiration
   
6. Describe neural regulation of respiration
   
7. Describe the different types of hypoxias
   
8. Name different volumes & capacities of lungs & describe how they are measured
   
9. Describe different volumes & capacities of lungs & their physiological significance
   
10. Enumerate different pulmonary function tests & describe how functional residual; volume is measured
    
11. What is acclimatization? Discussion its effects on body.
    
12. Describe the structure of respiratory membrane. Describe the process of change of gases through it.
    

 

Short Notes

1. Bhor's effect
   
2. Lung capacities
   
3. Surfactant
   
4. Alveolar air
   
5. Acclimatization
   
6. Asphyxia
   
7. Cyanosis
   
8. Haldane effect
   
9. Respiratory membrane
   
10. Transport of carbon dioxide
    
11. Oxygen dissociation curve
    
12. Lung volumes & capacities
    
13. Functional residual capacity
    
14. Herring Bruer reflex
    
15. Timed vital capacity
    
16. Vital capacity
    
17. Compliance of lung
    
18. Dead space air
    

 

Endocrine System

Full Questions

1. Enumerate the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary & describe how their secretions are regulated
   
2. Enumerate the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary & describe functions of growth hormone
   
3. Describe physiology of growth hormone
   
4. Describe physiology of posterior pituitary hormones
   
5. Describe synthesis, functions of posterior pituitary hormones.
   
6. Describe synthesis, function, & regulations of thyroxin
   
7. Describe how blood calcium level is regulated
   
8. Describe role of parathyroid hormone in regulating serum calcium levels.
   
9. Describe structure & functions of adrenal medulla
   
10. Name hormones secreted by adrenal cortex & explain how aldosterone secretion is regulated. Enumerate its functions
    
11. Name hormones saturated by adrenal cortex. Describe functions & metabolic action of gluco-corticoids
    
12. Describe the actions of gluco-corticoids on body & describe the regulation of gluco corticoids secretion
    
13. Describe the physiology of estrogens
    
14. Describe the physiology of menstrual cycle
    
15. Describe the various phases of menstrual cycle & their hormonal regulation
    
16. Describe the physiology of lactation
    
17. Describe the role of placenta during pregnancy
    
18. Enumerate various pregnancy tests. Describe in detail the immunological test
    
19. Describe the process of spermatogenesis & its control
    
20. Describe the functions of testosterone & explain how its secretion is regulated
    

 

Short Notes

1. Thyroxin
   
2. Growth hormone
   
3. A D H
   
4. Glycogen
   
5. Parathormone
   
6. Ovulation
   
7. Oxytocin
   
8. Myxoedema
   
9. Aldosterone
   
10. Pregnancy test
    
11. Hormones of post pituitary
    
12. Blood Glucose level
    
13. Menstrual cycle
    
14. Functions of placenta
    
15. Spermatogenesis
    
16. Lactation
    
17. Puberty
    
18. Acromegaly
    
19. Gigantism
    

 

Special senses

Full Questions

1. Describe the physiology of colors vision
   
2. Describe the trichromatic theory of color vision & explain color blindness
   
3. Describe Photochemistry of vision
   
4. Describe the visual pathway. Explain the effects of damage at various levels
   
5. What is accommodation? Describe the mechanism of accommodation for near & far vision. Mention the pathway of accommodation
   
6. Enumerate different errors of refraction. Describe them in detail with their methods of correction.
   
7. Describe the structure & functions of cochlea
   
8. Describe the structure & functions of organ of Corti
   
9. Describe the structure & functions of vestibular apparatus
   
10. Describe the role of middle ear & internal ear in hearing
    
11. What is conduction & nerve deafness? Describe the methods used to differentiate them
    
12. Explain theories of frequency analysis
    
13. Describe the auditory pathway. What are its peculiarities?
    

 

Short Notes

1. Hypermetropia
   
2. Myopia
   
3. Night blindness
   
4. Color vision
   
5. Auditory pathway
   
6. Pathway of smell
   
7. Conduction deafness
   
8. Light reflex
   
9. Accommodation reflex
   
10. Papillary reflex
    
11. Triple response
    
12. Errors of refraction
    
13. Middle ear deafness
    
14. Cochlear micro phonic potential
    
15. Taste sensation
    
16. Aqueous humour
    
17. Dark adaptation
    
18. Olfactory pathway
    
19. Vestibular pathway
    
20. Functions of atricle
    
21. Functions of middle ear
    
22. Deafness
    

 

Miscellaneous

Full Questions

1. Describe the chemical changes during mechanical activity of skeletal muscle
   
2. Describe the electro microscopic structure of sarcomere & explain the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction
   
3. Describe the structure of functions of muscle spindle
   
4. Describe various mechanisms of heat gain & heat loss of the body & how temperature is regulated
   
5. Describe the mechanism of regulation of body temperature with special reference to role of skin
   

 

Short Notes

1. Muscle spindle
   
2. Muscle tetanus
   
3. Tetany
   
4. Fatigue
   
5. Fever
   
6. Sweating
   
7. Shivering
   
8. Functions of skin
   
9. Sarcomere
   
10. Structure of sarcomere
    
11. Hypothalamic thermostat
    
12. Thermostatic center
    
13. Thermal change during skeletal muscle contraction
    
14. Mechanism of heat gain by body
    
15. Factors affecting tension development in skeletal muscle
    
16. Excitation contraction coupling
    
17. Tetanic contraction of muscle
    
18. Tetanus in skeletal muscle
    
19. Role of Ca in muscle contraction
    
20. Staircase phenomena in skeletal muscle
    
21. Isotonic & isometric contraction
    
22. Strength duration curve
    
23. Structure & functions of skin
    
24. Properties of skeletal muscle
    
25. Sweat glands
    
26. Thermoregulation by skin
    
27. Ratchet theory of muscle contraction
    

 

Urinary System

Full Questions

1. Describe the renal mechanism of regulation of water & electrolytes
   
2. Describe the role of kidney in regulation of electrolytes & water balance in the body
   
3. Name renal functions tests. Describe various plasma clearance tests Explain in details any one clearance test
   
4. What is G.F.R.? What are the different factors affecting it? How is it measured?
   
5. Describe mechanism of concentration & dilution of urine
   
6. Describe the structure & function of nephron.
   
7. Draw & describe parts of nephron. Briefly explain the functions of loop of Henle
   
8. Explain the functions of the proximal tubule of nephron
   
9. Describe the formation of urine
   
10. Describe how renal circulation help kidneys to perform their function
    
11. Describe the role of kidney in regulation of acid-base balance
    
12. Describe the acid-base balance & its regulation
    
13. Describe the process of filling & emptying of urinary bladder
    

 

Short Notes

1. Chloride shift
   
2. Rennin
   
3. G.F.R.
   
4. Counter current mechanism
   
5. Emptying of urinary bladder
   
6. Cystometrogram
   
7. Obligatory urine volume
   
8. Juxta-glomerular apparatus
   
9. Distal convoluted tubule
   
10. Micturation
    
11. Insulin clearance test
    
12. Urea clearance test
    
13. P.A.H clearance test
    
14. Peculiarities of renal circulation
    
15. Auto regulation of renal blood flow
    
16. Renal regulation of blood pressure
    
17. Action of ADH of renal tubules
    
18. Functions of proximal convoluted tubules
    

 

G. I. T.

Full Questions

1. Describe composition, functions & regulation of pancreatic juice
   
2. Describe composition, functions & regulation of gastric juice
   
3. Describe composition, functions & regulation o& mechanism of salivary secretion
   
4. Name different constituents of succus entericus. Describe the secretion, regulation, & functions of each constituent.
   
5. Give an account of composition, formation, & functions of bile
   
6. Enumerate the liver function tests. Describe the functions of bile salts
   
7. Name the G.I.T. Hormones & describe their functions
   
8. Describe functions of stomach.
   
9. Describe process of deglutination
   
10. Describe process of emptying of stomach
    
11. Describe the different movements of small intestine
    

 

Biochemistry

Full Questions

1. Classify proteins. Describe its digestion & absorption in G.I.T.
   
2. Classify fats. Describe its digestion & absorption in G.I.T.
   
3. Classify carbohydrates Describe its digestion & absorption in G.I.T.
   
4. Classify proteins & give the physiological role of essential amino acids in body
   
5. Describe digestion, absorption, & metabolism of fats
   
6. What are lipids? Classify them & describe how they are digested & absorbed in body
   
7. What is balanced diet? Describe how balanced diet for adult pregnant lady is calculated
   
8. Prescribe a balanced diet for an adult female
   
9. Describe how balanced diet for a medical college student is calculated
   
10. Describe the principles of prescribing a balanced diet. Prescribe a suitable diet for a lactating mother
    
11. Describe the glycolytic pathway
    
12. What is B.M.R? How is measured? Describe the factors affecting it
    
13. Describe how blood glucose level is regulated in the body
    
14. Describe metabolic actions of insulin. Describe regulation of insulin secretion 091
    
15. Enumerate sources of iron. Describe the functions of iron in the body. Briefly explain how iron is absorbed & stored in the body.
    
16. Describe TCA cycle & give its significance
    
17. Classify vitamins. Give the sources, daily requirements & physiological importance of each vitamin
    
18. Enumerate fat soluble vitamins & describe the detail vitamin A that Prevents night blindness
    
19. Enumerate water soluble vitamins. Give their sources, physiology functions, effects of deficiency of them
    
20. Give the sources physiological role and daily requirement of vitamin A
    
21. Give the sources physiological role and daily requirement of vitamin B complex
    
22. Give the sources physiological role and daily requirement of vitamin D
    
23. Describe the beta-oxidation of palmitic acid in detail
    

 

Short Notes

1. Vitamin A
   
2. Vitamin C
   
3. Vitamin B12
   
4. Vitamin B3
   
5. Thiamine
   
6. Niacin
   
7. Trypsinogen
   
8. Gastrin Secretion
   
9. Defecation
   
10. Rhodopsin cycle
    
11. Glycogenolysis
    
12. Pancreatic juice
    
13. Pancreatic enzymes
    
14. B.M.R
    
15. Enterokinase
    
16. Cholecystokinin
    
17. T.C.A. Cycle
    
18. Kreb's Cycle
    
19. Insulin
    
20. Isoenzymes
    
21. Iron absorption
    
22. Iron metabolism
    
23. Bile salts
    
24. Deglutition
    
25. D.N.A.
    
26. Active transport
    
27. Na Co-transport
    
28. R.N.A.
    
29. Lactic dehydrogenase
    
30. Functions of large intestine
    
31. Entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts
    
32. Factors affecting enzyme activity
    
33. Vitamin D
    
34. Deglutition reflex
    
35. Absorption of amino acids
    
36. Essential amino acids
    
37. Facilitated amino acids
    
38. Essential fatty acids
    
39. Gastro colic reflex
    
40. Entero gastric reflex
    
41. Regulation of salivary secretion
    
42. Role of calcium in body
    
43. Absorption of fats
    
44. Succus entericus
    
45. Liver function tests
    
46. Glucose tolerance test
    
47. Hormones of G.I.T
    
48. Glycolytic pathways
    
49. Functions of gastric juice
    
50. Gastric analysis
    
51. Absorption of carbohydrates
    
52. Movements of large intestine
    
53. Simple diffusion
    
54. Facilitated diffusion
    
55. Beta oxidation of fats
    
56. Embeden Meyeroff's Pathway
    
57. Pavlov's pouch
    
58. A.T.P.
    
59. Functions of saliva
    
60. Cyclical A.M.P.
    
61. Movements of small intestine
    
62. Role of Vitamin A in vision